
A B S T R A C T
The main idea that will run through the paper is the question of what kind of entity is space and if it is definable as such. During my undergraduate studies in architecture I always have to deal with contradictions in relation to the potential of places. Is the power of making a living place in space itself or in the activities and events that take place there? The theory paper presented a unique opportunity to explore in depth these doubts, exploring in the first chapter the definitions of space as absolute, relative and relational. If we consider space as absolute it turns into a thing in itself with an existence independent of matter, and, as fixed, opened to measurement and calculation, whereas the view of relative space integrates some variable dimensions such as the dependence on time and on the frame of reference of observers. Lastly, the relational concept of space holds that the essence of space consists in the relationships of the elements that it contains and that time is nothing but changes in those relationships (Harvey, 2004). How can space be defined? By itself? By what take place in it? By its relations?
The categories of absolute, relative and relational will be associated in the second part of this paper with two main theoretical models of space. In order to address this subject, both theories will be described: Space Syntax and Lefebvre, but throughout the aspects related to the independence or dependence of space at the moment of defining it. A brief explanation of structuralism and phenomenology will be exposed, as academic approaches that can be associated with the theories of Space Syntax and Lefebvre and that at the same time they reflect different conceptions of space.
It will be shown how Space Syntax suggests we should observe cities and buildings ‘space-first’ proposing space as spatial patterns that embody social ideas, understanding space as an entity with its own effects. The second one is a theory based on social processes through time, as Henry Lefebvre suggests. Space, a social construction, needs to rely on others categories to be defined. In spite Lefebvre attempts to define space, the theory is ‘society first’. Then it will be shown how Space Syntax’s theory, based on space itself, is far from being absolute since it understands the society–space relation dialectically; there is a social logic of space and a spatial logic of society. Theories of Natural Movement, Movement Economy and Centrality as a Process are examples of the two-way relation proposed by Space Syntax since they are based in interactive processes between spatial and social forms. On the other hand Lefebvre society–space relation is unilateral or in one-way: it is the society the one that shapes its own space since space is ultimately a social production. The concepts of appropriation, dominated, dominant and differential space are all examples of the one-way relation in which social forms produce and shape their space.
In order to study this difference in depth the definitions of space as absolute, relative and relational will be contrasted with the spatial triad proposed by Lefebvre. Then, with the help of the Three Worlds division of Popper (Popper, 1978) the main differentiation between Lefebvre and Space Syntax will be exposed: how in the first theory space definition remains in the level of a spatialized thought, while the second proposes that society finds concrete form in the physical realm. Here the concepts of configurationality and relational systems proposed by Space Syntax will be explained In contrast with the level of spatiality reached by Lefebvre. Dealing with space as a process in Lefebvre’s theory can induce omissions taking distance from the real experience of space and becoming it an abstraction
In the final part of this section (2.6 The Relative in Space Syntax) the scope found in these theories will be discussed. It will be argued the difficulties of addressing space itself by the Space Syntax theory, and how this approach can omit some important aspects of experiential dimension. Experience becomes important in understanding space since it is the support of everyday life and because it is as a way of thinking about space and time together.. It will be stated that independent of each society, each observer and each time, space do has some invariance, as Space Syntax proposes, that can be measured and specified. However a space cannot be understood entirely by appealing to what exists at a certain point in an absolute approach, but we should incorporate other dimensions such as the frame of reference of each society and the particularities of each time.
In the conclusions it will be supported that three frames of reference, absolute, relative and relational, are necessary to grasp space but that the relational view of space is key to comprehend the relative absolute dialectic. It is stated that as the relational view of space is in the foundations of Space Syntax (relatedness of space (Hillier, 2005a)), a wider and more complex understanding of space is allowed. On the other hand Lefebvre’s theory reduces space as a by-product of external processes and the different views of space remain dissociated.
The categories of absolute, relative and relational will be associated in the second part of this paper with two main theoretical models of space. In order to address this subject, both theories will be described: Space Syntax and Lefebvre, but throughout the aspects related to the independence or dependence of space at the moment of defining it. A brief explanation of structuralism and phenomenology will be exposed, as academic approaches that can be associated with the theories of Space Syntax and Lefebvre and that at the same time they reflect different conceptions of space.
It will be shown how Space Syntax suggests we should observe cities and buildings ‘space-first’ proposing space as spatial patterns that embody social ideas, understanding space as an entity with its own effects. The second one is a theory based on social processes through time, as Henry Lefebvre suggests. Space, a social construction, needs to rely on others categories to be defined. In spite Lefebvre attempts to define space, the theory is ‘society first’. Then it will be shown how Space Syntax’s theory, based on space itself, is far from being absolute since it understands the society–space relation dialectically; there is a social logic of space and a spatial logic of society. Theories of Natural Movement, Movement Economy and Centrality as a Process are examples of the two-way relation proposed by Space Syntax since they are based in interactive processes between spatial and social forms. On the other hand Lefebvre society–space relation is unilateral or in one-way: it is the society the one that shapes its own space since space is ultimately a social production. The concepts of appropriation, dominated, dominant and differential space are all examples of the one-way relation in which social forms produce and shape their space.
In order to study this difference in depth the definitions of space as absolute, relative and relational will be contrasted with the spatial triad proposed by Lefebvre. Then, with the help of the Three Worlds division of Popper (Popper, 1978) the main differentiation between Lefebvre and Space Syntax will be exposed: how in the first theory space definition remains in the level of a spatialized thought, while the second proposes that society finds concrete form in the physical realm. Here the concepts of configurationality and relational systems proposed by Space Syntax will be explained In contrast with the level of spatiality reached by Lefebvre. Dealing with space as a process in Lefebvre’s theory can induce omissions taking distance from the real experience of space and becoming it an abstraction
In the final part of this section (2.6 The Relative in Space Syntax) the scope found in these theories will be discussed. It will be argued the difficulties of addressing space itself by the Space Syntax theory, and how this approach can omit some important aspects of experiential dimension. Experience becomes important in understanding space since it is the support of everyday life and because it is as a way of thinking about space and time together.. It will be stated that independent of each society, each observer and each time, space do has some invariance, as Space Syntax proposes, that can be measured and specified. However a space cannot be understood entirely by appealing to what exists at a certain point in an absolute approach, but we should incorporate other dimensions such as the frame of reference of each society and the particularities of each time.
In the conclusions it will be supported that three frames of reference, absolute, relative and relational, are necessary to grasp space but that the relational view of space is key to comprehend the relative absolute dialectic. It is stated that as the relational view of space is in the foundations of Space Syntax (relatedness of space (Hillier, 2005a)), a wider and more complex understanding of space is allowed. On the other hand Lefebvre’s theory reduces space as a by-product of external processes and the different views of space remain dissociated.